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Abstract The decellularization of plant tissues can be one of the design options of scaffolds in tissue engineering. Chemical detergents such as Triton X‐100 and sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) in different concentrations were used to decellularize olive leaves as an acellular plant matrix for tissue engineering. The samples were investigated by different analyses such as Hematoxylin and Eosin staining, SEM, tensile strength, swelling, water vapor transmission, and toxicity. The results of staining and toxicity tests showed that the Triton X‐100 decellularized samples at a concentration of 0.1% had the best morphology and the lowest toxicity. Mechanical results showed that the elasticity modulus of acellular samples was significantly reduced compared to normal leaf samples. While swelling rate and water vapor transmission in acellular samples compared to the control sample doubled and tripled, respectively. In general, acellular olive leaf can be suggested as a scaffold for tissue engineering applications.

Biologic scaffolds composed of extracellular matrix (ECM) are frequently used for clinical purposes of tissue regeneration. Different methods have been developed for this purpose. All methods of decellularization including chemical and physical approaches leave some damage on the ECM; however, the effects of these methods are different which make some of these procedures more proper to maintain ECM structure than other methods. This review is aimed to introduce and compare new physical methods for the decellularization of different tissues and organs in tissue engineering. All recent reports and research that have used at least one physical method in the procedure of decellularization, were included and evaluated in this paper. The advantages and drawbacks of each method were examined and compared considering the effectiveness. This review tried to highlight the prospective potentials and benefits of applying physical methods for decellularization protocols in tissue engineering instead of the current chemical methods. These chemical methods are harsh in nature and were shown to be destructive and harmful to essential substances of ECM and scaffold structure. Therefore, using physical methods as a partial or even a whole protocol could save time, costs, and quality of the final acellular tissue in complicated decellularization procedures. Moreover, regarding the control factor that could be achieved easily with physical methods, optimization of different decellularization protocols would be quite satisfactory. Combined methods take advantage of both chemical and physical approaches.

Myocardial infarction is one of the leading causes of death in the developed countries. A majority of myocardial infarctions are caused by the rupture of coronary artery plaques. In order to achieve a better understanding of the effect of the extension of the lipid core into the artery wall on the change of flow field and its effect on plaque vulnerability, we have studied the hemodynamic parameters by utilizing a finite element method and taking into account the fluid-structure interaction (FSI). Four groups of stenosis models with different sizes of lipid core were used in the study. The fully developed pulsatile velocity profile of the right coronary artery was used as the inlet boundary condition, and the pressure pulse was applied as the outlet boundary condition. The non-Newtonian Carreau model was used to simulate the non-Newtonian behavior of blood. Results indicate that the extension of the lipid core into the artery wall influences the flow field; subsequently, creates favorable conditions for additional development of the lipid core which can lead to a higher risk of plaque rupture.

Abstract In this paper, we present a new extragradient algorithm for approximating a solution of the split equilibrium problems and split fixed point problems. The strong convergence theorems are proved in the framework of Hilbert spaces under some mild conditions. We apply the obtained main result for the problem of finding a solution of split variational inequality problems and split fixed point problems and a numerical example and computational results are also provided.

Fractional dynamics is a scope of study in science considering the action of systems. These systems are designated by utilizing derivatives of arbitrary orders. In this effort, we discuss the sufficient conditions for the existence of the mild solution (m-solution) of a class of fractional dynamic systems (FDS). We deal with a new family of fractional m-solution in Rn for fractional dynamic systems. To accomplish it, we introduce first the concept of (F, ψ)-contraction based on the measure of noncompactness in some Banach spaces. Consequently, we establish requisite fixed point theorems (FPTs), which extend existing results following the Krasnoselskii FPT and coupled fixed point results as a outcomes of derived one. Finally, we give a numerical example to verify the considered FDS, and we solve it by iterative algorithm constructed by semianalytic method with high accuracy. The solution can be considered as bacterial growth system when the time interval is large.

Background: Bacterial sensors are recommended for medical sciences, pharmaceutical industries, food industries, and environmental monitoring due to low cost, high sensitivity, and appropriate response time. There are some advantages of using bacterial spores instead of bacteria in vegetative forms as spores remain alive without any nutrient for a long time and change to vegetative form when a suitable environment is provided for them. Methods: For biosensor fabrication, it is important to define how the bacterial spores are delivered to the substrate media. The main purpose of this paper is an investigation of transferring bacterial spores on a flexible substrate media using a commercial inkjet printer (HP Deskjet 1510). It should be noted that in the previous researches, the special printers were used to transfer bacteria on rigid films. Results: These printed bacterial spores are used as a colorimetric temperature indicator. The custom-made bio-inks are prepared by bacterial spores along with a gelling agent and pH indicator. Conclusions: Finally, transformation of bacterial spores into vegetative bacteria is occurred by changing of temperature. A color change in the bio-prints is demonstrated because the bacterial transformation and growth change the environmental pH to an acidic level.

Background and Objective: Time-temperature indicators are used in smart packaging, and described as intelligent tools attached to the label of food products to monitor their timetemperature history. Since the previous studies on microbial time-temperature indicators were only based on pH-dependent changes, and they were long-time response indicators, in the present work, a new microbial time-temperature indicator was designed by using the alpha amylase activity of Bacillus amyloliquefaciens vegetative cells.Material and Methods: The designed time-temperature indicator system consists of Bacillus amyloliquefaciens, specific substrate medium and iodine reagent. The relation of the timetemperatureindicator’ response to the growth and metabolic activity (starch consumption and production of reduced sugars) of Bacillus amyloliquefaciens was studied. In addition, the temperature dependence of the time-temperature indicator was considered at 8 and 28˚C. Finally, in order to adjust time-temperature indicator endpoint, the effect of the inoculum level was investigated at 8ºC.Results and Conclusion: In the designed system, a color change of an iodine reagent to yellow progressively occurs due to the starch hydrolysis. The effect of the inoculum level showed the negative linear relationship between the levels of Bacillus amyloliquefaciens inoculated in the medium and the endpoints of the time-temperature indicators. The endpoints were adjusted to 156, 72 and 36 hours at the inoculum levels of 102, 104 and 106 CFU ml-1, respectively. The main advantages of the time-temperature indicator is low cost and application for monitoring the quality of chilled food products.Conflict of interest: The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Faith and practice are most important factors for salvation in Islam and Christianity. More over the concepts of redemption in Christianity and the intercession in Shia have also been counted as elements of salvation. There are some similarities between them, which may be led to the misunderstanding that redemption and intercession are the same whereas the definition and function of these two doctrines are different in the religious traditions of both religions. The doctrine of redemption is the essential part of Christian theology, especially in soteriology. If this doctrine is put under question, the whole structure of Christian theology will be disintegrated. But doctrine of intercession is complementary part in Shia. In this article at first, the doctrine of redemption is explained. Considering that the understanding of the concept of redemption is based on other doctrines, including anthropology, soteriology and Christology in Christian theology, at first the relationship between redemption and these concepts will be discussed. It will be declared that Christians believe that Adam's sin had grave consequences for humanity, in a way that it becomes the source of human sinfulness. In Christian point of view God was incarnated in Jesus and was crucified in order to be redemptive of Adam's sin and in order to save men. Everyone who believes in the death and resurrection of Jesus will be delivered. In the second part of the article, the question of intercession according to Shia will be discussed. It will be suggested that the nature of man is pure in Islam and man himself can reach salvation by faith and good practice. In addition, mercy of God and the intercession of Imams will help sinful persons. But in the third part of the article, some similarities and differences between these doctrines will be pointed out. I will insist mostly on their conceptual and functional differences. Their similarities include: Both doctrines need an intermediate both of them are considered as act of God and are accomplished by permission of God both of them are based on grace and mercy of God both of them are ordained to save men both of them prerequisite some conditions. The differences between these doctrines include: The doctrine of redemption in Christianity is the main factor for salvation and that is initiative act of God but in the doctrine of intercession, man himself has the main role for salvation and intercession has a complementary role redemption changes human nature, but according to Islam nature of human isn't sinful so that it require sanctification redemption is almost related to Original sin and establishes reconciliation between God and man, but intercession is related to daily sins. Eventually redemption is the essential doctrine in Christianity, but intercession is the secondary doctrine in Shia. Indeed the story of Cross and redemption is the base of Christian theology and other issues are based on it. Consequently if the doctrine of redemption is put under question, the whole Christian theology will be disintegrated. However because there is religious Law in Shia, the concept of intercession has secondary aspect and if there are different views about intercession, it will not make any problem for other theological doctrines in Shia.

Faith and practice are most important factors for salvation in Islam and Christianity. More over the concepts of redemption in Christianity and the intercession in Shia have also been counted as elements of salvation. There are some similarities between them, which may be led to the misunderstanding that redemption and intercession are the same whereas the definition and function of these two doctrines are different in the religious traditions of both religions. The doctrine of redemption is the essential part of Christian theology, especially in soteriology. If this doctrine is put under question, the whole structure of Christian theology will be disintegrated. But doctrine of intercession is complementary part in Shia. In this article at first, the doctrine of redemption is explained. Considering that the understanding of the concept of redemption is based on other doctrines, including anthropology, soteriology and Christology in Christian theology, at first the relationship between redemption and these concepts will be discussed. It will be declared that Christians believe that Adam's sin had grave consequences for humanity, in a way that it becomes the source of human sinfulness. In Christian point of view God was incarnated in Jesus and was crucified in order to be redemptive of Adam's sin and in order to save men. Everyone who believes in the death and resurrection of Jesus will be delivered. In the second part of the article, the question of intercession according to Shia will be discussed. It will be suggested that the nature of man is pure in Islam and man himself can reach salvation by faith and good practice. In addition, mercy of God and the intercession of Imams will help sinful persons. But in the third part of the article, some similarities and differences between these doctrines will be pointed out. I will insist mostly on their conceptual and functional differences. Their similarities include: Both doctrines need an intermediate both of them are considered as act of God and are accomplished by permission of God both of them are based on grace and mercy of God both of them are ordained to save men both of them prerequisite some conditions. The differences between these doctrines include: The doctrine of redemption in Christianity is the main factor for salvation and that is initiative act of God but in the doctrine of intercession, man himself has the main role for salvation and intercession has a complementary role redemption changes human nature, but according to Islam nature of human isn't sinful so that it require sanctification redemption is almost related to Original sin and establishes reconciliation between God and man, but intercession is related to daily sins. Eventually redemption is the essential doctrine in Christianity, but intercession is the secondary doctrine in Shia. Indeed the story of Cross and redemption is the base of Christian theology and other issues are based on it. Consequently if the doctrine of redemption is put under question, the whole Christian theology will be disintegrated. However because there is religious Law in Shia, the concept of intercession has secondary aspect and if there are different views about intercession, it will not make any problem for other theological doctrines in Shia.